Vice Admiral Kevin Cosgriff, commander of the U.S. 5th Fleet stationed in Bahrain across the Persian Gulf from Iran, warned that such Iranian action would be considered an act of war, and the U.S. would not allow Iran to hold hostage nearly a third of the world's oil supply. If they commit such a stupidity, Tel Aviv and U.S. shipping in the Persian Gulf will be Iran's first targets and they will be burned."[17]. He stated that Saudi Arabia was considering building new pipelines to Oman and Yemen, and that Iraq might revive the disused Iraq–Syria pipeline to ship crude to the Mediterranean. However, since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, a significant part of Iran’s military spending has been allocated to the asymmetric warfare approach of its naval capabilities, the anti-access/ anti-denial (A2/AD) systems. [39], In August 2018, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile for the first time in 2018. On 18 April 1988, the U.S. Navy waged a one-day battle against Iranian forces in and around the strait. Authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 2019, p. 7-24. These small attack crafts can be armed with machine guns, torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. Enquête Depuis mai, cet étroit corridor maritime est l’un des points chauds de la planète. Commerce mondial : échanges de toute nature, aussi bien les produits manufacturés que les … Cela représente environ 21 % de la consommation mondiale de pétrole et un tiers du brut transitant par voie maritime dans le monde. Le détroit d’Ormuz, qui relie le golfe Persique au golfe d’Oman, est situé entre l’Iran et le sultanat d’Oman. Le détroit d'Ormuz est stratégique dans le commerce maritime du pétrole. Two oil tankers near the strategic Strait of Hormuz were reportedly attacked on Thursday, an assault that left one ablaze and adrift as sailors were evacuated from both vessels and the U.S. Navy rushed to assist amid heightened tensions between Washington and Tehran. [51] In terms of the international opinion, the threat of closing the Strait can severely damage Iran’s relations to states who are engaging with them economically. L’équipage de l’« USS Vincennes » avait affirmé avoir pris l’Airbus pour un chasseur iranien animé d’intentions hostiles. Although not all countries have ratified the convention,[8] most countries, including the U.S.,[9] accept these customary navigation rules as codified in the Convention. The assumptions and results were controversial. Haghshenass, Fariborz. Kahl, Colin H. "Not Time to Attack Iran: Why War Should Be a Last Resort". Point de passage stratégique : lieu de circulation important pour les différents acteurs en jeu. Iranian Threats to Close the Strait of Hormuz", "Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran’s Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers", VIDEO: Iran shoots down U.S. military drone over Strait of Hormuz, List of cities, towns and villages in Hormozgan Province, South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field, National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company, DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company, Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Hormuz&oldid=994726380, Bodies of water of the United Arab Emirates, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles using infobox body of water without alt, Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map alt, Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry, Articles with disputed statements from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with minor POV problems from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Mohammed Kookherdi (1997) Kookherd, an Islamic civil at Mehran river, third edition: Dubai, This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 06:28. Le jeudi 13 juin, au matin, deux pétroliers ont été vraisemblablement attaqués en mer d’Oman, tout près de ce passage maritime stratégique pour la circulation du pétrole. In the last week of July 2008, in the Operation Brimstone,[18] dozens of U.S. and foreign naval ships came to undergo joint exercises for possible military activity in the shallow waters off the coast of Iran. According to the officials, the anti-ship Fateh-110 Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the Strait of Hormuz to a test range in the Iranian desert. "Should We Stay or Should We Go? [54], A 2008 article in International Security contended that Iran could seal off or impede traffic in the Strait for a month, and an attempt by the U.S. to reopen it would be likely to escalate the conflict. "Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions". Les récentes attaques de tankers en mer d’Oman puis l’épisode du drone américain abattu attisent le spectre de perturbations significatives du trafic et de déstabilisation du marché pétrolier : le cours du baril de WTI s’est ainsi envolé de quelque 6 % jeudi à New York. Il est placé sous la double souveraineté d'Oman et de l'Iran mais la libre circulation y est, en théorie, garantie par une convention des Nations unies. Il est clair que les États Unis ont des preuves de ce qu'ils affirment. États-Unis/Iran : nouvelles tensions dans le détroit d'Ormuz Depuis jeudi 13 juin et l'attaque de deux pétroliers, les tensions sont vives dans le golfe d'Oman. Ould Abdelaziz a comparé le Qatar et ce qu’il a fait aux pays arabes à l’Allemagne Nazie et à ce qu’elle a occasionnée aux pays européens. [28], On 9 January 2012, Iranian Defense Minister Ahmad Vahidi denied that Iran had ever claimed that it would close the Strait of Hormuz, saying that "the Islamic Republic of Iran is the most important provider of security in the strait... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened. [56], In December 2011, Iran's navy began a ten-day exercise in international waters along the strait. It has a maximum capacity of around 2 million barrels per day, over three-quarters of the UAE's 2012 production rate. An oil tanker is on fire in the sea of Oman, Thursday, June 13, 2019. USA – Iran tension: what consequences for tourism? If Iran is to block the maritime traffic through the Strait, the violation of international norms and damage to the global economy would likely end up in international support to the U.S. acting against Iran. Le détroit d'Ormuz, situé dans la zone où l'Iran a abattu un drone militaire américain, est un point de passage stratégique pour le commerce mondial de pétrole et au cœur des tensions régionales depuis des … If Iran were to follow through on its threats to completely or partially close of the Strait, one of the world’s most strategically important maritime choke points, the most effective way would be through the use of its anti-access/area-denial capabilities. Les tensions dans le détroit d’Ormuz ne devraient pas nous surprendre. Détroit d'Ormuz à Oman: le Kumzari, langue menacée de disparition 01:17. One U.S. carrier battle group from Japan would complement the two which are already in the Persian Gulf, for a total of five battle groups, not including the submarines. It is widely acknowledged,[weasel words] that even a partial closure of the Strait would wreak havoc on the global oil markets and pose a severe threat to energy security. Yet another reading of the tension in the Strait of Hormuz is possible. Il est particulièrement vulnérable en raison de sa faible largeur, 50 kilomètres environ, et de sa profondeur, qui n’excède pas 60 mètres. [64] The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran have a number of these capabilities available, and in short reach of the Strait. 0. [21] A U.S. Fifth Fleet spokeswoman said in response that the Fleet was "always ready to counter malevolent actions", whilst Admiral Habibollah Sayyari of the Iranian navy claimed that cutting off oil shipments would be "easy". Ratner, Michael. [37], In July 2018, Iran again made threats to close the strait. [11], According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, in 2011, an average of 14 tankers per day passed out of the Persian Gulf through the Strait carrying 17 million barrels (2,700,000 m3) of crude oil. [13] Saddam Hussein's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was, among other things, to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the Strait of Hormuz to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing American intervention. [5][dubious – discuss] In the local dialects of Hurmoz and Minab this strait is still called Hurmogh and has the aforementioned meaning. This was said to represent 35% of the world's seaborne oil shipments and 20% of oil traded worldwide. [10] Upon signing the convention in December 1982, Iran entered a declaration stating "that only states parties to the Law of the Sea Convention shall be entitled to benefit from the contractual rights created therein", including "the right of transit passage through straits used for international navigation". This followed more ambiguous threats from Iran's oil minister and other government officials that an attack on Iran would result in turmoil in the world's oil supply. Iran have threatened to close of the Strait of Hormuz on multiple occasions, most notably in 2008, 2012, 2018 and 2019. Depuis l’arrivée du président Trump au pouvoir, la tension y est à son comble. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz", "Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption", "Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions", "Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail, "Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions", "Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond", "Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran", "Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions", "Iran's Guards say Strait of Hormuz is for all or", "Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say", https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.htmlAljazeera.%7CAljazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html%7CAljazeera, "Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved", "Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran", "Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move", "French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz", https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump%7C, "How Iran could beat up on America's superior military", Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz, Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz, "Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route", "Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief", "Hormuz Blockade: Not as Easy as Iran May Think", "Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS", "Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers", "New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz", "World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE", "The UAE's longer term approach on energy security", "How Great a Concern? June 24th, 2019 Leo Malden No Comment News détroit d'Ormuz, Iran, United airlines, USA 907 views. [23], On 3 January 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S. Navy moves an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. During the 1970s, neither Iran or Oman attempted to impede the passage of warships through the strait, but in the 1980s, both countries asserted claims that were different from customary (old) law. Au sommaire cette semaine, l'escalade militaire dans le détroit d'Ormuz. Regain de tension dans le détroit d’Ormuz. "Iran's Asymmetric Naval Warfare". Jodocus Hondius labels the Strait Basora fretum ("Strait of Basra") on his 1606 map of the Ottoman Empire. In the article, Iran's strategy beats the materially superior US armed forces. info) Arabic: مَضيق هُرمُز‎‎ Maḍīq Hurmuz ) is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The US Navy sent aircraft and a destroyer, USS Farragut, to monitor the situation. The coastal state is limited in its powers to prevent passage: 1) if threat or actual use of force against its sovereignty, its territorial integrity, or its political independence; or 2) the vessel in any other way violates the principles of international law such as embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.[61]. Most notably, this includes the United States Fifth Fleet based in Bahrain, and the Al Udeid Air Base, housing troops from the United States Air Force[68][69], In June 2012, Saudi Arabia reopened the Iraq Pipeline through Saudi Arabia (IPSA), which was confiscated from Iraq in 2001 and travels from Iraq across Saudi Arabia to a Red Sea port. In May 1993, Iran enacted a comprehensive law on maritime areas, several provisions of which conflict with UNCLOS provisions, including a requirement that warships, submarines, and nuclear-powered ships obtain permission before exercising innocent passage through Iran's territorial waters.The United States does not recognize any of the claims by Oman and Iran and has contested each of them. Une possibilité serait de commencer par le détroit d’Ormuz et d’entamer un dialogue avec tous les acteurs de cette région. [16], On 8 July 2008, Ali Shirazi, a mid-level clerical aide to Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was quoted by the student news agency ISNA as telling the Revolutionary Guards, "The Zionist regime is pressuring White House officials to attack Iran. On August … At the upper end of this gulf there is a market-town designated by law called Apologus, situated near Charaex Spasini and the River Euphrates. American Foreign Policy Interests, 2010. Les États-Unis accusent l'Iran. [1] On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman. [27] The British Government however have said that this move has been long-planned, as Daring will replace another Armilla patrol frigate. (3) At last, Iran can continue their threats of Strait closure as responses to U.S sanctions, or conduct more naval exercises, displaying their naval capabilities. [40], On 22 April 2019, the U.S. ended the oil waivers, which allowed some of Iran’s customers to import Iranian oil, without risking financial penalties as part of the U.S. economic sanctions against Iran. Entre l'Iran et les États-Unis, la guerre des nerfs se poursuit 01:38. Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta told troops in Texas that the United States would not tolerate Iran's closing of the strait. Insight Turkey, 2019, p. 183-214. Le détroit d’Ormuz reste la voie de navigation quasi exclusive reliant les producteurs d’hydrocarbures du Moyen-Orient (Arabie saoudite, Koweït, Qatar, Emirats arabes unis, Irak et Iran) aux marchés d’Asie, d’Europe et d’Amérique du nord. [41], On the morning of 13 June 2019, the oil tankers Front Altair and Kokuka Courageous were both rocked by explosions shortly before dawn, the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship; the crew were rescued by the destroyer USS Bainbridge while the crew of the Front Altair were rescued by Iranian ships. [19], On 20 March 2009, United States Navy Los Angeles-class submarine USS Hartford collided with the San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock USS New Orleans in the strait. Respectivement capitale économique et politique notoires des Emirats, ce … [citation needed] Pressure on prices reflect a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's recent response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by 50% compared to those made in 2011. Le détroit d’Ormuz, situé dans la zone où l’Iran a abattu jeudi 20 juin un drone militaire américain, est un point de passage stratégique pour le commerce mondial de pétrole et au cœur des tensions régionales depuis des décennies. "[59], General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in January 2012 that Iran "has invested in capabilities that could, in fact, for a period of time block the Strait of Hormuz." [73], In a July 2012 Foreign Policy article, Gal Luft compared Iran and the Strait of Hormuz to the Ottoman Empire and the Dardanelles, a choke point for shipments of Russian grain a century ago. En juillet 1988, un Airbus A300 de la compagnie nationale Iran Air, assurant la liaison entre Bandar Abbas et Dubaï, avait été abattu par deux missiles d’une frégate américaine qui patrouillait dans le détroit : 290 personnes avaient été tuées. Additionally, a closing of the Strait would also have severe consequences for Iran itself. The report stated that more than 85% of these crude oil exports went to Asian markets, with Japan, India, South Korea and China the largest destinations. Iran possess and produces a variety of naval mines, e.g. Scholars, historians and linguists derive the name "Ormuz" from the local Persian word هورمغ Hur-mogh meaning date palm. Nous le savons, la fin des années pétrole débouchera forcément sur une guerre. The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a 1st-century mariner's guide: At the upper end of these Calaei islands is a range of mountains called Calon, and there follows not far beyond, the mouth of the Persian Gulf, where there is much diving for the pearl-mussel. "Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment". Atta Kenare, AFP . L’hypothèse d’une guerre États-Unis-Iran est même envisagée. Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the Strait on world oil markets, saying that any disruption of supply would cause a shock to markets that "no country" could manage. Quelque 76 % des exportations de brut passant par ce détroit stratégique étaient destinées l’an dernier aux pays d’Asie (en premier lieu la Chine, l’Inde, le Japon et la Corée du Sud), selon l’EIA. He also stated, "We've invested in capabilities to ensure that if that happens, we can defeat that. [36], Maersk says they have agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. [24], The U.S. Navy spokesman Commander Bill Speaks quickly responded that deployment of U.S. military assets would continue as has been the custom stating: "The U.S. Navy operates under international maritime conventions to maintain a constant state of high vigilance in order to ensure the continued, safe flow of maritime traffic in waterways critical to global commerce.