With the ascendance of the SS, the Reichswehr took a softer line about the Nazis, as the SS presented itself as elitist, respectable, orderly, and busy reforming and dominating the police rather than the army. The Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Reichswehr to 100,000 soldiers (consisting of seven infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions), 10 armoured cars and a navy (the Reichsmarine) restricted to 36 ships in active service. Offizieller Account der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auf Instagramm Offizieller Account der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auf Vimeo The Bauhaus-Universität Weimar uses Matomo for web analytics. This date, dubbed by the Nazis as the Machtergreifung (seizure of power), is commonly seen as the beginning of Nazi Germany. The fall of the Munich Soviet Republic to these units, many of which were situated on the extreme right, resulted in the growth of far-right movements and organisations in Bavaria, including Organisation Consul, the Nazi Party, and societies of exiled Russian Monarchists. Many German civilians expected life to return to prewar normalcy following the removal of the naval blockade in June 1919. The term "Weimar Republic" refers to the city of Weimar, where the republic's constituent assembly first took place. Most of the remaining states were formally dissolved by the Allies at the end of the Second World War and ultimately reorganised into the modern states of Germany. Thus, Germany seized the chance to make an ally. Jana Leichsenring, "Staatssymbole: Der Bundesadler", in: According to sources of the German national football team Schwab created the emblem for the team in 1924. Examples of the new architecture include the Bauhaus Building by Gropius, Grosses Schauspielhaus, and the Einstein Tower. [citation needed], Papen was closely associated with the industrialist and land-owning classes and pursued an extremely conservative policy along Hindenburg's lines. ... Weimar Germany 1919-29 revision for GCSE and IGCSE History - Duration: 11:00. One of the manifestations of the sharp political polarization that had occurred were the right-wing motivated assassinations of important representatives of the young republic. The Freikorps was an army outside the control of the government, but they were in close contact with their allies in the Reichswehr. [clarification needed] As the Young Plan did not allow a devaluation of the Reichsmark, Brüning triggered a deflationary internal devaluation by forcing the economy to reduce prices, rents, salaries and wages by 20%. The Council issued a large number of decrees that radically shifted German policies. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about US$5 billion or £1 billion British pounds. The Nazis in power brought almost all major organisations into line under Nazi control or direction, which was termed Gleichschaltung. He had for years been in the camp of those supporting the Conservative counter-revolution. Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars, which meant that by mid-1923, his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy. But the Reichswehr officers were not prepared for this, the working class had a natural distrust of their future allies, and the great capitalists and landowners also did not like the plans. Led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD it sought to act as a provisional cabinet of ministers. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the Rentenmark, was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for one Rentenmark, an action known as redenomination. By reason of a decision of the Reich's Government I hereby announce, that the Imperial coat of arms on a gold-yellow shield shows the one headed black eagle, the head turned to the right, the wings open but with closed feathering, beak, tongue and claws in red colour. From 1924 to 1929, the Republic enjoyed relative stability and prosperity. The consequent general election on 14 September resulted in an enormous political shift within the Reichstag: 18.3% of the vote went to the NSDAP, five times the percentage won in 1928. Allemagne -- 1918-1933 (République de Weimar) Allemagne -- Histoire -- 1918-1933. Request full-text PDF. Friedrich Ebert initially declared the official German coat of arms to be a design by Emil Doepler (shown in the first infobox above) as of 12 November 1919, following a decision of the German government.[14]. Republica de la Weimar (în germană Weimarer Republik) este numele dat de istorici Germaniei după Primul Război Mondial și a fost prima democrație parlamentară din istoria Germaniei.Republica de la Weimar a existat între 1919-1933, de la proclamarea republicii, în urma Primului Război Mondial, și până la numirea lui Adolf Hitler în funcția de cancelar. [20], With the Verordnung of 3 February 1919, the Ebert government reintroduced the original structure of the health insurance boards according to an 1883 law, with one-third employers and two-thirds members (i.e. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded it formal (de jure) recognition, and the two mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. [citation needed]. It amounted to German capitulation, without any concessions by the Allies; the naval blockade would continue until complete peace terms were agreed. Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans. The Weimar Republic fulfilled most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles although it never completely met its disarmament requirements and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations (by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan).[7]. The constitution of 1919 was never formally repealed, but the Enabling Act meant that it was a dead letter. Meanwhile, the only remaining question for the Nazis was whether the Catholic Centre Party would support the Enabling Act in the Reichstag, thereby providing the ⅔ majority required to ratify a law that amended the constitution. [22] The Provisional Order of January 1919 concerning agricultural labour conditions fixed 2,900 hours as a maximum per year, distributed as eight, ten, and eleven hours per day in four-monthly periods. This effectively rendered parliament as a means of enforcing constitutional checks and balances powerless. The reasons for the Weimar Republic's collapse are the subject of continuing debate. The deflation policy causes much more damage than the reparation payments of 20 years ... Fighting against Hitler is fighting against deflation, the enormous destruction of production factors. This speech aimed especially at the future recognition by the named Holy See and therefore to the votes of the Centre Party addressing many concerns Kaas had voiced during the previous talks. Democracy collapsed, and the creation of single-party state began the dictatorship of the Nazi era. These signs had remained symbols of the Paulskirche movement. During the Kapp Putsch for example, the army refused to fire upon the rebels. Privates were mainly recruited from the countryside, as it was believed that young men from cities were prone to socialist behaviour, which would fray the loyalty of the privates to their conservative officers. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. The 'Ebert–Groener pact' stipulated that the government would not attempt to reform the army so long as the army swore to protect the state. ", "A History of the German Republic by Arthur Rosenberg 1936", "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low-income countries? This was intended to forestall any action against the government by the Communists. The Republic's first Reichspräsident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signed the new German constitution into law on 11 August 1919. It is widely believed that the 1919 constitution had several weaknesses, making the eventual establishment of a dictatorship likely, but it is unknown whether a different constitution could have prevented the rise of the Nazi party. Two hours later, a "Free Socialist Republic" was proclaimed, 2 km (1.2 mi) away, at the Berliner Stadtschloss. The main advantage of this limitation, however, was that the Reichswehr could afford to pick the best recruits for service. According to historian Richard J. Evans:[12]. Examples include the nationwide pig slaughter, Schweinemord, in 1915. Kaas is considered to have had a hand therefore in the drafting of the speech. In addition, a national unemployment insurance programme was introduced in 1927. In a cynical and politically adroit move, Hitler bowed in apparently respectful humility before President and Field Marshal Hindenburg. By early February, a mere week after Hitler's assumption of the chancellorship, the government had begun to clamp down on the opposition. They wanted a renewed Germany and a new organisation of German society. [46] Health insurance coverage was extended to other categories of the population during the existence of the Weimar Republic, including seamen, people employed in the educational and social welfare sectors, and all primary dependents. December 2008; Geographie et Cultures; DOI: 10.4000/gc.1614. The cabinet (under a previous interpretation of Article 48) ruled without a sitting Reichstag, which could vote only for its own dissolution. [11] By the mid-1920s, Deutsche Republik was used by most Germans, but for the anti-democratic right the word Republik was a painful reminder of a government structure that had been imposed by foreign statesmen, along with the relocation of the seat of power to Weimar and the expulsion of Kaiser Wilhelm in the wake of massive national humiliation.[11]. Thus, the USPD left the "Council of the People's Deputies" after only seven weeks. Harvard (18th ed.) The burdens of the First World War lightened little in the immediate years following, and with the onset of the Treaty of Versailles, coupled by mass inflation, Germany still remained in a crisis. The German military was forced to have no more than 100,000 men with only 4,000 officers. Walther Rathenau, the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty, was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers. This guarantee was not ultimately given. When he refused, Prince Max of Baden simply announced that he had done so and frantically attempted to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern. "Germany will become free, but not through you," he shouted. Conservatives and reactionaries feared that Germany was betraying its traditional values by adopting popular styles from abroad, particularly those Hollywood was popularising in American films, while New York became the global capital of fashion. On 29 January, Hitler and Papen thwarted a last-minute threat of an officially sanctioned Reichswehr takeover, and on 30 January 1933 Hindenburg accepted the new Papen-Nationalist-Hitler coalition, with the Nazis holding only three of eleven Cabinet seats: Hitler as Chancellor, Wilhelm Frick as Minister of the Interior and Hermann Göring as Minister Without Portfolio. [24] In addition, undemocratic public institutions were abolished, involving, as noted by one writer, the disappearance "of the Prussian Upper House, the former Prussian Lower House that had been elected in accordance with the three-class suffrage, and the municipal councils that were also elected on the class vote".[25]. The four great political movements, the SPD, Communists, Centre, and the Nazis were in opposition. [27][need quotation to verify][28]. In 1920, the German Workers' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), or Nazi party, and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar. In response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, Germany's most productive industrial region at the time, taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923. Many German borderlands were demilitarised and allowed to self-determine. His primary goal was to remove Germany's reparation payments by convincing the Allies that they could no longer be paid. Découvrez toutes nos lettres déjà parues. La fin de la République de Weimar. Germany was more susceptible to Americanization, because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan. The Republic was soon under attack from both left- and right-wing sources. However, right-wing state criminals were not permanently deterred from their activities, and the lenient sentences they were given by judges influenced by imperial conservatism were a contributing factor. The rest was goods such as coal and chemicals, or from assets like railway equipment. As the Weimar Republic was very fragile in all its existence, the depression was devastating, and played a major role in the Nazi takeover. The continued use of the term 'German Empire', Deutsches Reich, by the Weimar Republic ... conjured up an image among educated Germans that resonated far beyond the institutional structures Bismarck created: the successor to the Roman Empire; the vision of God's Empire here on earth; the universality of its claim to suzerainty; and a more prosaic but no less powerful sense, the concept of a German state that would include all German speakers in central Europe—'one People, one Reich, one Leader', as the Nazi slogan was to put it. En janvier 1919, une Assemblée nationale a été choisie pour rédiger une constitution. The ceremony helped convince the "old guard" Prussian military elite of Hitler's homage to their long tradition and, in turn, produced the relatively convincing view that Hitler's government had the support of Germany's traditional protector—the Army. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. By late 1931, the conservative movement was dead and Hindenburg and the Reichswehr had begun to contemplate dropping Brüning in favour of accommodating Hugenberg and Hitler. During the debates in Weimar, fighting continued. Gustav Noske, a self-appointed military expert in the MSPD, was sent to Kiel to prevent any further unrest and took on the task of controlling the mutinous sailors and their supporters in the Kiel barracks. During an adjournment, the other parties (notably the centre) met to discuss their intentions. [19] A decree on 23 December 1918 established committees (composed of workers' representatives "in their relation to the employer") to safeguard the rights of workers. The Grand Coalition headed by Muller inspired some faith in the government, but that didn't last. The government printed money to deal with the crisis; this meant payments within Germany were made with worthless paper money, and helped formerly great industrialists to pay back their own loans. The achievements and signs of this movement were mostly done away with after its downfall and the political reaction. The Act—formally titled the "Act for the Removal of Distress from People and Reich"—was passed by a vote of 441 to 94. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. The repression of an uprising of SPD supporters by the reactionary forces in the Freikorps on the instructions of the SPD ministers was to become a major source of conflict within the socialist movement and thus contributed to the weakening of the only group that could have withstood the Nazi movement. The right to bargain collectively was also established, while it was made obligatory "to elect workers’ committees on estates and establish conciliation committees". This led to further criticism of the Republic. Et accédez à des documents multimédia, exclusifs et surprenants ! [44], The Imperial Youth Welfare Act of 1922 obliged all municipalities and states to set up youth offices in charge of child protection, and also codified a right to education for all children,[45] while laws were passed to regulate rents and increase protection for tenants in 1922 and 1923. The continuity of pain showed the Weimar authority in a negative light, and public opinion was one of the main sources behind its failure.[29]. Germany lost the war because the country ran out of allies and its economic resources were running out; support among the population began to crumble in 1916 and by mid-1918 there was support for the war only among the die-hard monarchists and conservatives. "Either-Or: The Narrative of 'Crisis' in Weimar Germany and in Historiography,", This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 02:42. Hitler also agreed to mention these promises in his speech to the Reichstag before the vote on the Enabling Act. [58] In April 1932, Brüning had actively supported Hindenburg's successful campaign against Hitler for re-election as Reichspräsident;[59] five weeks later, on 20 May 1932, he had lost Hindenburg's support and duly resigned as Reichskanzler. The Weimar Republic was severely affected by the Great Depression. He appointed as Reichswehr Minister Kurt von Schleicher, and all the members of the new cabinet were of the same political opinion as Hindenburg. 20 oct. 2018 - Explorez le tableau « Weimar republic » de Myrtle BeauRegard, auquel 204 utilisateurs de Pinterest sont abonnés. This was an agreement between American banks and the German government in which the American banks lent money to German banks with German assets as collateral to help it pay reparations. [citation needed], Princeton historian Harold James argues that there was a clear link between economic decline and people turning to extremist politics.[69]. Allemagne -- Politique et gouvernement -- 1918-1933. The National Assembly elections took place on 19 January 1919. According to the cliché, modern young women were Americanised, wearing makeup, short hair, smoking and breaking with traditional mores. Even healthy companies, therefore, may appear over-indebted and facing bankruptcy. Those attempts were put down by paramilitary Freikorps units consisting of volunteer soldiers. Entités précédentes : * Empire allemand Entités suivantes : * Deuxième République de Pologne (1919) * Drapeau du Danemark Danemark (Jutland-du-Sud) (1920) * Drapeau de l'Allemagne nazie Reich allemand La république de Weimar (en allemand : Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪ.ma.ʁɐ ʁe.pu.ˈbliːk] ) est le nom donné par les historiens au régime politique en place en Allemagne de 1918 à 1933. These states were gradually abolished under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, whereby they were effectively replaced by Gaue. Meanwhile, the currency depreciated, and would continue to depreciate following the French invasion of the Ruhr. Allemagne -- Histoire -- 1918-1933 (République de Weimar) Condition économique. The Weimar Republic was not the product of a victorious democratic revolution, but of counter-revolutionary violence. [39] That same year, health insurance was extended to wives and daughters without their own income, people only partially capable of gainful employment, people employed in private cooperatives, and people employed in public cooperatives. The Weimar Republic retained the Reichsadler, but without the symbols of the former Monarchy (Crown, Collar, Breast shield with the Prussian Arms). On 15 March, the first cabinet meeting was attended by the two coalition parties, representing a minority in the Reichstag: The Nazis and the DNVP led by Alfred Hugenberg (288 + 52 seats). Weimar Germany, 1918/19–1933 Population by Religious Denomination (1910–1939), "Der Name des Feindes: Warum heißt die erste deutsche Demokratie eigentlich 'Weimarer Republik?' The decisive blow came with the entry of the United States into the conflict, which made its vast industrial resources available to the beleaguered Allies. Hans von Seeckt, the head of the Reichswehr, declared that the army was not loyal to the democratic republic, and would only defend it if it were in their interests. [26] With the affirmation of Ebert, those responsible were not tried before a court martial, leading to lenient sentences, which made Ebert unpopular among radical leftists. After the introduction of the republic, the flag and coat of arms of Germany were officially altered to reflect the political changes. Germany was forced to destroy all its fortifications in the West and was prohibited from having an air force, tanks, poison gas, and heavy artillery. [38], Not everyone, however, was happy with the changes taking place in Weimar culture.