Iran have threatened to close of the Strait of Hormuz on multiple occasions, most notably in 2008, 2012, 2018 and 2019. Current Politics and Economics of the Middle East, 2018, p. 139-150. Il est parsemé d’îles désertiques ou peu habitées, mais d’une grande importance stratégique : les îles iraniennes d’Ormuz, et celles de Qeshm et de Larak, face à la rive iranienne de Bandar Abbas. As of 11 August 2008, more than 40 U.S. and allied ships reportedly were en route to the Strait of Hormuz. [38] Iran's Revolutionary Guards reported they were ready to carry out the action if required. He indicated that tensions involving the Strait of Hormuz are leading those currently dependent on shipments from the Persian Gulf to find alternative shipping capabilities. Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta told troops in Texas that the United States would not tolerate Iran's closing of the strait. He stated that Saudi Arabia was considering building new pipelines to Oman and Yemen, and that Iraq might revive the disused Iraq–Syria pipeline to ship crude to the Mediterranean. [72] The Habshan – Fujairah route secures the UAE's energy security and has the advantage of being a ground oil pipeline transportation which is considered the cheapest form of oil transportation and also reduces insurance costs as oil tankers would no longer enter the Persian Gulf. Détroit d'Ormuz à Oman: le Kumzari, langue menacée de disparition 01:17. Iran’s use of its territorial advantages in the Strait of Hormuz is therefore more effective as a threat, than if a complete or partial closure of the Strait is actually executed. Examples of these are as follows: • Coastal air defences, long-range artillery and anti-ship missiles. Iran possess and produces a variety of naval mines, e.g. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz". According to the officials, the anti-ship Fateh-110 Mod 3 flew over 100 miles on a flight path over the Strait of Hormuz to a test range in the Iranian desert. [44] The spokesman for Iran's Guardian Council, Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei, was quoted as describing the seizure as a "reciprocal action." The United States and the Middle East". In the article, Iran's strategy beats the materially superior US armed forces. This followed more ambiguous threats from Iran's oil minister and other government officials that an attack on Iran would result in turmoil in the world's oil supply. L’équipage de l’« USS Vincennes » avait affirmé avoir pris l’Airbus pour un chasseur iranien animé d’intentions hostiles. 36:50. Même si c’était exagéré, cela avait un sens à l’époque. That afternoon, U.S. secretary of state Mike Pompeo issued a statement accusing Iran of the attacks. Policy Focus, 2008. The Guardian, 2018. "Iran will not repeat its warning...the enemy's carrier has been moved to the Gulf of Oman because of our drill. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. During the 1970s, neither Iran or Oman attempted to impede the passage of warships through the strait, but in the 1980s, both countries asserted claims that were different from customary (old) law. Ainsi, le pétrole léger produit par les Etats-Unis n’est pas un substitut aux bruts lourds du Moyen-Orient. [57][58], Captain John Kirby, a Pentagon spokesman, was quoted in a December 2011 Reuters article: "Efforts to increase tension in that part of the world are unhelpful and counter-productive. Vidéo - Depuis que deux pétroliers ont été attaqués au milieu du détroit d’Ormuz, le 13 juin, la tension monte entre l’Iran et les Etats-Unis. Iran subsequently denied the accusations, calling the incident a false-flag attack. La nouvelle a immédiatement entraîné un bond de 4% des cours du brut. [10] Upon signing the convention in December 1982, Iran entered a declaration stating "that only states parties to the Law of the Sea Convention shall be entitled to benefit from the contractual rights created therein", including "the right of transit passage through straits used for international navigation". Il est l’une des zones stratégiques les plus fébriles de la planète. "Iran's Asymmetric Naval Warfare". On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast the United Arab Emirates and … Il est particulièrement vulnérable en raison de sa faible largeur, 50 kilomètres environ, et de sa profondeur, qui n’excède pas 60 mètres. Oct 6, 2017 - USS Thorn (DD-988) Spruance-class destroyer named for Lieutenant Jonathan Thorn, (1779-1811). Position stratégique sur le Detroit d’Ormuz, hôte depuis 2009 d’une importante base militaire française à Abou Dhabi, participation militaire en 2011 au conflit en Lybie, ‘guerre’ interne depuis 2013/14 contre les Frères Musulmans, tension perpétuelle avec l’Iran et… Dubaï, Abou-Dhabi, des économies florissantes, un développement fulgurant. [14] There were no injuries, and no oil leaked from the tanker. He also stated, "We've invested in capabilities to ensure that if that happens, we can defeat that. An oil tanker is on fire in the sea of Oman, Thursday, June 13, 2019. [36], Maersk says they have agreed to pay an Iranian company $163,000 over a dispute about 10 container boxes transported to Dubai in 2005. [56], In December 2011, Iran's navy began a ten-day exercise in international waters along the strait. [46], In May 2020, Iran launched missiles at one of their own ships in a friendly fire accident, killing 19 sailors.[47]. This site is on a small island on the peak of Musandam Governorate. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically important choke points. Ces incidents intervennaient après ceux du mois de mai durant lesquels quatre navires, dont deux … News", "Royal Navy sends its mightiest ship to take on the Iranian show of force in the Gulf", "U.S. Ce travail s'appuie sur les revenus complémentaires de la publicité et de l'abonnement. It is striking to note that one of the tankers targeted was Japanese, and precisely took place as the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr Abe, was visiting Tehran. June 24th, 2019 Leo Malden No Comment News détroit d'Ormuz, Iran, United airlines, USA 907 views. [43], In July 2019, a Stena Bulk Tanker, Stena Impero, sailing under a British flag, was boarded and captured by Iranian forces. The United States Navy and United States Air Force in the Gulf region is far stronger than that of Iran, and while an Iranian attempt to close of the Strait can cause damage, the U.S. is able to defeat it. Escalada de tensión en el estrecho de Ormuz: Irán intercepta una aeronave 'espía' y EEUU le acusa de derribar uno de sus drones [10] In July 1972, Oman also expanded its territorial sea to 12 nautical miles (22 km) by decree. The strait is about 90 nautical miles (167 km) long, with a width varying from about 52 nautical miles (96 km) to 21 nautical miles (39 km). Aujourd’hui, c’est faux. [70][71] The UAE is building the world's largest crude oil storage facility in Fujairah with a capacity of holding 14 million barrels to enhance Fujairah's growth as a global oil and trading hub. Further pressure on Iranian currency was added by French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé who was quoted as calling for more "strict sanctions" and urged EU countries to follow the US in freezing Iranian central bank assets and imposing an embargo on oil exports. Au sommaire cette semaine, l'escalade militaire dans le détroit d'Ormuz. [62] On 8 January 2007, the nuclear submarine USS Newport News, traveling submerged, struck MV Mogamigawa, a 300,000-ton Japanese-flagged very large crude tanker, south of the strait. [31] Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said this past weekend that the United States would "take action and re-open the strait", which could be accomplished only by military means, including minesweepers, warship escorts and potentially airstrikes. If Iran were to follow through on its threats to completely or partially close of the Strait, one of the world’s most strategically important maritime choke points, the most effective way would be through the use of its anti-access/area-denial capabilities. Le détroit d'Ormuz (en arabe : مضيق هرمز / Maḍīq Hurmuz ; en persan : تنگه هرمز / Tange-ye Hormoz) est un détroit reliant le golfe Persique au golfe d'Oman qui doit son nom à l'île iranienne Ormuz [1], située au sud-est de Bandar Abbas.Les pays frontaliers sont l'Iran au nord, le sultanat d'Oman (extrémité de la pointe sur la photo) et les Émirats arabes unis au sud (péninsule arabique). [7] In 2018 alone, 21 million barrels a day were passing through the strait - this means $1.17 billion worth of oil a day, at September 2019 prices. Il est placé sous la double souveraineté d'Oman et de l'Iran mais la libre circulation y est, en théorie, garantie par une convention des Nations unies. Saeed Kamali Dehghan. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 2010, p. 41-56, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Center for Strategic and International Studies, USS Hartford and USS New Orleans collision, Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, "How Iran Plans To Bypass The World's Main Oil Chokepoint", "Transit Passage Through International Straits", "The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint", "2 oil tankers were damaged in possible attacks in the Gulf of Oman", "Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements as at 26 October 2007", "Accession to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Is Unnecessary to Secure U.S. Navigational Rights and Freedoms", "Navy says speed of tanker sucked submarine up to surface", "U.S. Navy Commander Warns Iran: Don't Try Closing Gulf Oil Passageway", "Iran to "hit Tel Aviv, U.S. ships" if attacked", "JTFEX 08-4 "Operation Brimstone" Flexes Allied Force Training", "Three major US naval strike forces due this week in Persian Gulf", "U.S. Navy vessels in Bahrain for evaluation after collision", "Oil jumps over 2% as Iran threatens supplies", "US warns Iran over threat to block oil route", "Oil falls on dollar's rise, Wall Street pullback", "Iran threatens U.S. Navy as sanctions hit economy", "Iran nuclear crisis: Sanctions 'beginning to bite, "State Department: Iran is feeling the pressure - Yahoo! Nous respectons votre choix. Scholars, historians and linguists derive the name "Ormuz" from the local Persian word هورمغ Hur-mogh meaning date palm. [70], In July 2012, the UAE began using the new Habshan–Fujairah oil pipeline from the Habshan fields in Abu Dhabi to the Fujairah oil terminal on the Gulf of Oman, effectively bypassing the Strait of Hormuz. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 2019, p. 7-24. [55] In a later issue, however, the journal published a response which questioned some key assumptions and suggested a much shorter timeline for re-opening. A senior member of Iran's parliament said that the Islamic Republic would close the entry point to the Persian Gulf if new sanctions block its oil exports. On August … It followed President Trump’s open endorsement, during his recent visit to the archipelago, of Mr Abe's willingness … En juillet 1988, un Airbus A300 de la compagnie nationale Iran Air, assurant la liaison entre Bandar Abbas et Dubaï, avait été abattu par deux missiles d’une frégate américaine qui patrouillait dans le détroit : 290 personnes avaient été tuées. Authorities were considering whether to reply, although the contents of the letter were not divulged. The assumptions and results were controversial. [1] On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman. [62], • Naval mine-laying capabilities. Kahl, Colin H. "Not Time to Attack Iran: Why War Should Be a Last Resort". Le pétrole rend le détroit d’Ormuz indispensable à l’économie mondiale. U.S. officials accused Iran of harassing and provoking their naval vessels, but Iranian officials denied the allegations. U.S. forces sank one frigate, one gunboat, and up to six armed speedboats, as well as seriously damaging a second frigate. Ould Abdelaziz a expliqué que la Mauritanie avait rompu, il y quelques mois, ses relations diplomatiques avec l’Emirat, avant de les rétablir, à cause des nombreux intérêts économiques en jeu. To reduce the risk of collision, ships moving through the Strait follow a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS): inbound ships use one lane, outbound ships another, each lane being two miles wide. [67] This is why the U.S relies on a substantial navy and air-force presence, which secures the traffic through the Strait, and are prepared to counter Iranian attempts to blockade it. Le détroit d’Ormuz, situé dans la zone où l’Iran a abattu jeudi 20 juin un drone militaire américain, est un point de passage stratégique pour le commerce mondial de pétrole et au cœur des tensions régionales depuis des décennies. (ATTA KENARE / AFP), Covid-19: en France, une situation "fragile, précaire" pour Véran, Le socialiste Benoît Payan élu maire de Marseille, En Egypte, la pandémie attise la passion du oud, La mystérieuse vie privée de Vladimir Poutine, A un mois de l'investiture, Trump envisage tout pour renverser l'élection, En Algérie, les rendez-vous manqués du président Tebboune, Bons plans Ouigo : Voyagez jusqu'à 50% moins cher, Code promo SNCF : 5% de réduction vos réservations, Code promo Omio: 5% de réduction sur vos voyages durant les fêtes, 70€ de réduction offerts en code promo Abritel, Économisez sur vos réservations grâce aux Prix Secrets Hotels.com, Bose Pack bose soundsport wireless noir + étui de rechargement - PRIX A NÉGOCIER SUR LE SITE -, Portail battant en aluminium à motifs GATEO - 350 x 160 cm -, L'Obs - Les marques ou contenus du site nouvelobs.com sont soumis à la protection de la propriété intellectuelle, d’éviter désormais le survol du détroit d’Ormuz, l’attaque d’un oléoduc saoudien par des rebelles yéménites, de l’accord international sur le nucléaire. Plus de 500 navires avaient été détruits ou endommagés. Enquête Depuis mai, cet étroit corridor maritime est l’un des points chauds de la planète. Les gardiens de la révolution, l’armée idéologique iranienne, contrôlent les opérations navales dans le Golfe. O'Neil, Williamd D; Talmadge, Caitlin. U.S. President Donald Trump said he was prepared to hit three Iranian targets as a reprisal, but retracted … (3) At last, Iran can continue their threats of Strait closure as responses to U.S sanctions, or conduct more naval exercises, displaying their naval capabilities. Les récentes attaques de tankers en mer d’Oman puis l’épisode du drone américain abattu attisent le spectre de perturbations significatives du trafic et de déstabilisation du marché pétrolier : le cours du baril de WTI s’est ainsi envolé de quelque 6 % jeudi à New York. Current Politics and Economics of the Middle East, 2018, p. 139-150. [19], On 20 March 2009, United States Navy Los Angeles-class submarine USS Hartford collided with the San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock USS New Orleans in the strait. Commerce mondial : échanges de toute nature, aussi bien les produits manufacturés que les … Atta Kenare, AFP . [41], On the morning of 13 June 2019, the oil tankers Front Altair and Kokuka Courageous were both rocked by explosions shortly before dawn, the crew of the latter reported seeing a flying object strike the ship; the crew were rescued by the destroyer USS Bainbridge while the crew of the Front Altair were rescued by Iranian ships. [23], On 3 January 2012, Iran threatened to take action if the U.S. Navy moves an aircraft carrier back into the Persian Gulf. "Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. The report stated that more than 85% of these crude oil exports went to Asian markets, with Japan, India, South Korea and China the largest destinations. Talmadge, Caitlin. Vous avez choisi de ne pas accepter le dépôt de cookies, notamment les cookies de publicité personnalisée. These small attack crafts can be armed with machine guns, torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. [51] In terms of the international opinion, the threat of closing the Strait can severely damage Iran’s relations to states who are engaging with them economically. To traverse the Strait, ships pass through the territorial waters of Iran and Oman under the transit passage provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. "Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz". | "It was shore-to-shore", said one U.S. official describing the launch, who like the others requested anonymity to discuss sensitive information. The declarations further asserted that prior permission was required before foreign warships could pass through Omani territorial waters. Tensions between the United States and Iran have been at their height since an American surveillance drone was shot down last week by Iranian forces. However, since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, a significant part of Iran’s military spending has been allocated to the asymmetric warfare approach of its naval capabilities, the anti-access/ anti-denial (A2/AD) systems. Afin de nous permettre de conserver notre pérennité économique, Des visiteurs dans le détroit d’Ormuz, au large de Bandar Abbas (Iran), le 29 avril 2019. Ravivées en mai 2018 par le retrait américain de l’accord international sur le nucléaire et le rétablissement de lourdes sanctions, les tensions se sont récemment intensifiées avec des actes de sabotage et des attaques contre des pétroliers dans la région du Golfe en mai et en juin, imputées par Washington à Téhéran – qui a cependant démenti. [32], By 23 January, a flotilla had been established by countries opposing Iran's threats to close the Hormuz Strait. Yet another reading of the tension in the Strait of Hormuz is possible. The flotilla included three American aircraft carriers (the USS Carl Vinson, the USS Enterprise and USS Abraham Lincoln) and three destroyers (USS Momsen, USS Sterett, USS Halsey), seven British warships, including the destroyer HMS Daring and a number of Type 23 frigates (HMS Westminster, HMS Argyll, HMS Somerset and HMS St Albans), and a French warship, the frigate La Motte-Picquet .[34]. [39], In August 2018, Iran test-fired a ballistic missile for the first time in 2018. Le détroit d’Ormuz, zone sous hautes tensions. Une partrouille maritime iranienne dans le détroit d'Ormuz, le 30 avril 2019. Ne pas oublier que les USA sont auto-producteur de 80% de leur consommation de pétrole, ils sont plus gros producteur que l Arabie Saoudite et seront autosuffisants dans quelques années. L’Iran a averti vendredi 21 juin qu’il défendrait son territoire contre d’éventuelles représailles des Etats-Unis, tandis que les compagnies aériennes KLM, Qantas, Singapore Airlines et Malaysia Airlines décidaient d’éviter désormais le survol du détroit d’Ormuz. Point de passage stratégique : lieu de circulation important pour les différents acteurs en jeu. Warns Top Iran Leader Not to Shut Strait of Hormuz", "Oil Climbs From Four-Week Low as Iran Warns of Hormuz Supply Disruption", "Iran: Flotilla of Warships Sent Through Strait of Hormuz Heightens Tensions", "Iran: EU oil sanctions 'unfair' and 'doomed to fail, "Iran threatens to close Strait of Hormuz over EU oil sanctions", "Iran seizes commercial ship, U.S. forces respond", "Maersk insists on release of ship and crew seized by Iran", "Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions", "Iran's Guards say Strait of Hormuz is for all or", "Iran test-fires ballistic missile for first time in 2018, officials say", https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/iran-business-usual-strait-hormuz-blacklisting-190428133314213.htmlAljazeera.%7CAljazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2019/04/iran-close-strait-hormuz-190429190841982.html%7CAljazeera, "Tankers Are Attacked in Mideast, and U.S. Says Video Shows Iran Was Involved", "Latvian citizen on board of British tanker seized by Iran", "Iran says its seizure of British ship a 'reciprocal' move", "French ATL2 joins Operation AGENOR in the Strait of Hormuz", https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/iran-retaliate-us-oil-threats-eu-visit-hassan-rouhani-trump%7C, "How Iran could beat up on America's superior military", Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz, Costs and Difficulties of Blocking the Strait of Hormuz, "Iranian navy begins exercise in waters near strategic oil route", "Shutting Off Gulf 'Very Easy': Iran Navy Chief", "Hormuz Blockade: Not as Easy as Iran May Think", "Iran Has Ability to Block Strait of Hormuz, U.S. General Dempsey Tells CBS", "Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers", "New UAE pipeline bypasses Strait of Hormuz", "World's largest crude oil storage facility to be built in UAE", "The UAE's longer term approach on energy security", "How Great a Concern? Economically, Iran would face consequences in terms of their own dependency on oil revenues and commerce through the Strait, such as medical products and food. This was presumed to be in reference to the seizure of an Iranian Tanker, Grace 1, bound for Syria in Gibraltar a few days prior. The coastal state is limited in its powers to prevent passage: 1) if threat or actual use of force against its sovereignty, its territorial integrity, or its political independence; or 2) the vessel in any other way violates the principles of international law such as embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.[61]. Un quart du commerce mondial de gaz naturel liquéfié passe également par Ormuz. [73], In a July 2012 Foreign Policy article, Gal Luft compared Iran and the Strait of Hormuz to the Ottoman Empire and the Dardanelles, a choke point for shipments of Russian grain a century ago. Le détroit d'Ormuz, passage stratégique sous haute tension Vendredi 21 Juin 2019 - Par seo. En 2018, environ 21 millions de barils de brut y circulaient quotidiennement, selon l’Agence américaine de l’Energie (EIA). "Iran's Threats, The Strait of Hormuz, and Oil Markets: In brief". [42] Baqeri is also quoted for stating "If our oil does not pass, the oil of others shall not pass the Strait of Hormuz either". "[29], The Iranian Foreign Ministry confirmed on 16 January 2012 that it has received a letter from the United States concerning the Strait of Hormuz, "via three different channels." Daring, which is the lead ship of her class is one of the "most advanced warships" in the world, and will undertake its first mission in the Persian Gulf. En 2000, François Lamoureux, Directeur général à l’énergie de la Commission européenne, disait avec son sens de la formule : « Si le détroit d’Ormuz est bloqué, le lendemain le monde entier ira en vélo ». Le contenu de ce site est le fruit du travail de l'ensemble d'une rédaction qui oeuvre chaque jour à vous apporter une information de qualité, fiable, complète, et d'une équipe web qui vous propose des services innovants. The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a 1st-century mariner's guide: At the upper end of these Calaei islands is a range of mountains called Calon, and there follows not far beyond, the mouth of the Persian Gulf, where there is much diving for the pearl-mussel. If Iran is to block the maritime traffic through the Strait, the violation of international norms and damage to the global economy would likely end up in international support to the U.S. acting against Iran. La présence de nombreuses îles – dont celle d’Ormuz qui a donné son nom au détroit – et la faible profondeur des eaux territoriales iraniennes, les obligent à emprunter, à l’entrée comme à la sortie, deux chenaux très étroits – de deux milles nautiques (3,7 km) chaque, séparés par une zone tampon de même largeur –, mais suffisants pour permettre le passage … Pham, J. Peter. Regain de tension dans le détroit d’Ormuz. The captain complied and proceeded into Iranian waters near Larak Island. "Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment". "Can Iran close the Strait of Hormuz?". Nevertheless, Iran continued to discuss the impact of shutting the Strait on world oil markets, saying that any disruption of supply would cause a shock to markets that "no country" could manage. [citation needed] Pressure on prices reflect a combination of uncertainty driven further by China's recent response – reducing oil January 2012 purchases from Iran by 50% compared to those made in 2011. Long de 63 km et large de 40 km, … For our part, we are comfortable that we have in the region sufficient capabilities to honor our commitments to our friends and partners, as well as the international community." The resemblance of this word with the name of the Zoroastrian god هرمز Hormoz (a variant of Ahura Mazda) has resulted in the popular belief[citation needed][neutrality is disputed] that these words are related. En avril 2015 encore, des bateaux des gardiens de la révolution avaient arraisonné dans le détroit d’Ormuz un porte-conteneurs des îles Marshall. [52], Iran have a number of options regarding the threats of blocking the Strait of Hormuz. Insight Turkey, 2019, p. 183-214. "Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions". [66][63] A key interest to the U.S. in the Persian Gulf, is the free flow of oil and natural gas through the Strait of Hormuz. American Foreign Policy Interests, 2010, p. 64-74. Iran’s fleet of small vessels, speedboats and submarines can be used for its rapid and covert mine-laying capabilities.[63]. Les États-Unis accusent l'Iran. [63], • Kilo-class submarines and midget submarines. [54], A 2008 article in International Security contended that Iran could seal off or impede traffic in the Strait for a month, and an attempt by the U.S. to reopen it would be likely to escalate the conflict. [20], On 27 December 2011, Iranian Vice President Mohammad-Reza Rahimi threatened to cut off oil supply from the Strait of Hormuz should economic sanctions limit, or cut off, Iranian oil exports. Ratner, Michael. American Foreign Policy Interests, 2010. [28], On 9 January 2012, Iranian Defense Minister Ahmad Vahidi denied that Iran had ever claimed that it would close the Strait of Hormuz, saying that "the Islamic Republic of Iran is the most important provider of security in the strait... if one threatens the security of the Persian Gulf, then all are threatened.