Recent scholars question these romantic biographies and state that Gandhi was neither a Christian figure nor mirrored a Christian saint. Ainsi, durant son enfance et son adolescence, Gandhi ne cessera de travailler des qualités qu’il aiguisera au fil de sa vie. [346] This campaign was not universally embraced by the Dalit community: Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. [376][377] Historian Kuruvilla Pandikattu says "it was Nehru's vision, not Gandhi's, that was eventually preferred by the Indian State. de dégoût . Despite health challenges Gandhi was able to walk about 79000 kms in his lifetime which comes to an average of 18 kms per day and is equivalent to walking around the earth twice. Contre toute attente, Gandhi parvient à faire cesser le massacre, notamment à Calcutta, en septembre 1947. 3.3. ». Thousands of Hindus and Muslims were murdered, and tens of thousands were injured in the cycle of violence in the days that followed. [347] He accused Gandhi as someone who wished to retain the caste system. [120] The unfolding events, the massacre and the British response, led Gandhi to the belief that Indians will never get a fair equal treatment under British rulers, and he shifted his attention to Swaraj or self rule and political independence for India. [315] Gandhi explored food sources that reduced violence to various life forms in the food chain. Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off blows. [226], Gandhi credited Shrimad Rajchandra, a poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. [68], When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, according to Herman, he thought of himself as "a Briton first, and an Indian second". Some of his staff resigned, including two of his newspaper's editors who had refused to print some of Gandhi's sermons dealing with his experiments. Vous êtes connecté(e) automatiquement pour 24h. On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. C’est en effet Gandhi qui a mis en œuvre pour la première fois, dans une lutte politique d’envergure, le principe de non-collaboration. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. d'inquiétude. The general image of Gandhi, state Desai and Vahed, has been reinvented since his assassination as if he was always a saint when in reality his life was more complex, contained inconvenient truths and was one that evolved over time. [63] The most profound influence on Gandhi were those from Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism, states Parekh, with his thoughts "in harmony with the classical Indian traditions, specially the Advaita or monistic tradition". The question deeply interested me...I had a high regard for Mr. Hills and his generosity. I may change them tomorrow. On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty. [158] Over 2.5 million Indians ignored Gandhi, volunteered and joined on the British side. But they must wait for its fulfillment till Arab opinion is ripe for it. [44] His wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were also married. ", India, with its rapid economic modernisation and urbanisation, has rejected Gandhi's economics[445] but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory. [206][207], Gandhi grew up in a Hindu and Jain religious atmosphere in his native Gujarat, which were his primary influences, but he was also influenced by his personal reflections and literature of Hindu Bhakti saints, Advaita Vedanta, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, and thinkers such as Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. [368][369] Gandhi believed that people who demand religious respect and rights must also show the same respect and grant the same rights to followers of other religions. "This is not the Swaraj I want", said Gandhi. Gandhi was involved in the final negotiations, but Stanley Wolpert states the "plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi". [332] This Hindu scripture discusses jnana yoga, bhakti yoga and karma yoga along with virtues such as non-violence, patience, integrity, lack of hypocrisy, self restraint and abstinence. Les personnalités connues pour leur opposition à Gandhi ont été attaquées par la foule et leurs biens pillés ou brûlés. [422] Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian. 0 0. Le Mahatma Gandhi a été assassiné vendredi, à la Nouvelle-Delhi. Skip to main content. According to Gandhi, "no religious tradition could claim a monopoly over truth or salvation". [329], Some historians such as Angela Woollacott and Kumari Jayawardena state that even though Gandhi often and publicly expressed his belief in the equality of sexes, yet his vision was one of gender difference and complementarity between them. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe. [180], The partition was controversial and violently disputed. [436][437] The opera's libretto, taken from the Bhagavad Gita, is sung in the original Sanskrit. Il se nourrit de riz, de fruits, il ne boit que de l’eau, il dort peu, il travaille sans cesse. De 1888 à 1891, Gandhi complète son barreau à Londres. He was arrested and imprisoned at the Yerwada Jail, Pune. Lors de la « marche du sel » en 1930, près de 100 000 Indiens furent emprisonnés avec lui pour avoir violé les lois anglaises sur le sel. [413], Gandhi's ideas had a significant influence on 20th-century philosophy. [175], Jinnah rejected Gandhi's proposal and called for Direct Action Day, on 16 August 1946, to press Muslims to publicly gather in cities and support his proposal for the partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Muslim state and non-Muslim state. C. hacun connaît l’histoire du. [358], In his autobiography, Gandhi wrote that he believed every Hindu child must learn Sanskrit because its historic and spiritual texts are in that language. [52] His mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving his wife and family, and going so far from home. Il y a 70 ans disparaissait Mohandas Gandhi, figure célèbre pour son rôle déterminant dans la lutte pour l’indépendance de l’Inde. La personnalité du Mahatma était très appréciée à la cité du Vatican pour ses sentiments de solidarité humaine et pour l’œuvre à laquelle il s’était consacré en faveur de la réconciliation entre hindous (AFP). Le 20 septembre le Mahatma entreprend une nouvelle grève de la faim. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. De la campagne contre l’intouchabilité à la retraite (1932-1939) Motivations et moyens d’action. [198], For years after the assassination, states Markovits, "Gandhi's shadow loomed large over the political life of the new Indian Republic". He later recalled feeling jealous and possessive of her, such as when she would visit a temple with her girlfriends, and being sexually lustful in his feelings for her. [298] According to Eric Sharpe – a professor of Religious Studies, though Gandhi was born in a Hindu family and later became Hindu by conviction, many Christians in time thought of him as an "exemplary Christian and even as a saint". Retrouvez les précédents articles parus dans la rubrique « Ce jour-là ». Truth and nonviolence are as old as the hills. According to Margaret Chatterjee, Gandhi as a Vaishnava Hindu shared values such as humility, devotion and brotherhood for the poor that is also found in Sufism. Très affaibli, il tomba gravement malade et le gouvernement décida de le libérer sous conditions. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". 6 /10. He wrote his views down on paper but shyness prevented him from reading out his arguments, so Hills, the President, asked another committee member to read them out for him. [129] On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. [178] Gandhi visited the most riot-prone areas to appeal a stop to the massacres. Le 13 janvier dernier, il commençait un « jeûne à mort » pour mettre fin au conflit sanglant entre le Pakistan et l’Hindoustan. De quoi serait mort . [424], Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation. The British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. Gandhi was released in February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having served only two years. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi. "[276], In a post-war interview in 1946, he said, "Hitler killed five million Jews. For example, in 1935, N. A. Toothi stated that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of the Swaminarayan tradition of Hinduism. [137] Gandhi captured the imagination of the people of his heritage with his ideas about winning "hate with love". Le 4 ... à la mort de sa femme lors de sa captivité, There were no hard feelings, with Hills proposing the toast at the LVS farewell dinner in honour of Gandhi's return to India. He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-co-operation with complete independence for the country as its goal. Dès lors, il dirigea de sa cabane de Wardha, les destinées de l’Inde, vivant la vie des « intouchables ». [435], The 1979 opera Satyagraha by American composer Philip Glass is loosely based on Gandhi's life. [359], According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy". With Congress now behind him, and Muslim support triggered by his backing the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliph in Turkey,[106] Gandhi had the political support and the attention of the British Raj. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian. Gandhi reiterated his stance that "the Jews seek to convert the Arab heart", and use "satyagraha in confronting the Arabs" in 1947. Gandhi's ideas of protests, persuasion skills and public relations had emerged. [12][13] Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest.[13]. They saw the Caliph as their means to support Islam and the Islamic law after the defeat of Ottoman Empire in World War I. His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a lawyer, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but he was forced to stop when he ran afoul of a British officer Sam Sunny. [283] He stated in 1925 that he did not criticise the teachings of the Quran, but he did criticise the interpreters of the Quran. [150] According to Jaffrelot, Gandhi's views evolved between the 1920s and 1940s; by 1946, he actively encouraged intermarriage between castes. "[378], Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries. [311][312] The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in Hindu Vaishnavism and Jain traditions in India, such as in his native Gujarat, where meat is considered as a form of food obtained by violence to animals. [328] In his own life however, according to Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi's relationship with his wife were at odds with some of these values. [177], Archibald Wavell, the Viceroy and Governor-General of British India for three years through February 1947, had worked with Gandhi and Jinnah to find a common ground, before and after accepting Indian independence in principle. At his trial, Godse did not deny the charges nor express any remorse. [85] He argued that Indians should participate in the war efforts to change attitudes and perceptions of the British people against the coloured people. He was introduced to Shrimad by Dr. Pranjivan Mehta. Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. [300][301][302] Biographers from France and Britain have drawn parallels between Gandhi and Christian saints. Jawaharlal Nehru (Javāharlāl Nehrū), né le 14 novembre 1889 et mort le 27 mai 1964, connu aussi sous le nom de Pandit Nehru, fut l'une des figures de proue de la lutte pour l'indépendance de l'Inde et du parti du Congrès avant de devenir le premier premier ministre de l'Inde le 15 août 1947. [408] At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former US Vice-President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him.[409]. Mort à Gandhi (SAS) (French Edition) This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela...in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started."[404]. The two deaths anguished Gandhi. Suite à cet évènement, Gandhi a mis fin à ses actions politiques. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. [35] His mother came from the medieval Krishna bhakti-based Pranami tradition, whose religious texts include the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana, and a collection of 14 texts with teachings that the tradition believes to include the essence of the Vedas, the Quran and the Bible. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate". Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj. [268] Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about ahimsa as a political means in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. [160][166], Gandhi's arrest lasted two years, as he was held in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. Buy Mort à Gandhi by Gérard de Villiers (ISBN: 9782360536870) from Amazon's Book Store. [231][335] According to Sankar Ghose, Tagore described Gandhi as someone who did not abhor sex or women, but considered sexual life as inconsistent with his moral goals. [343] Before 1932, he and his associates used the word antyaja for untouchables. His doctrine of ahimsa lay at the core of unifying role played by the Gandhian Congress. [82] During a speech in September 1896, Gandhi complained that the whites in the British colony of South Africa were degrading Indian Hindus and Muslims to "a level of Kaffir". Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong, believed Gandhi. 1866–1913). Sikh and Buddhist leaders disagreed with Gandhi, a disagreement Gandhi respected as a difference of opinion. It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Gandhi thus began his journey aimed at crippling the British India government economically, politically and administratively. Les funérailles du Mahatma ont eu lieu samedi matin [...]. In 1931, notable European physicist Albert Einstein exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a letter writing about him. [195], Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. However, his final fast in 1948, after the end of British rule in India, his hunger strike was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos. [447] Gandhi's date of death, 30 January, is commemorated as a Martyrs' Day in India. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her. For example, his close friend Badshah Khan suggested that they should work towards opening Hindu temples for Muslim prayers, and Islamic mosques for Hindu prayers, to bring the two religious groups closer. [10][168] These discussions continued through 1947. [92] Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. l’armée Perse débarquée. "[182], In 1938, Gandhi stated that his "sympathies are all with the Jews. The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without its leader, Gandhi. [123] In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours.