Moreover, Nestorian bishops are said to have resided at Edessa as early as the 6th century. Le royaume d'Adiabène sauvegarde cependant son indépendance et tente de reprendre le contrôle sur Nisibe au début des années 190. The Battle of Edessa took place between the Roman armies under the command of Emperor Valerianus and the Sasanian forces under Emperor Shapur I in 260. [1], The Syrian town was refounded as a Hellenistic military settlement by Seleucus I Nicator in c. 303 BC, named Edessa after the ancient capital of Macedonia, perhaps due to its abundant water, just like its Macedonian eponym. In 1144 the city had an Armenian population of 47,000. Only love the God of Abraham, and go and take the country which God gave to your father, Abraham. L’organisation provinciale dans la région au, Liste des diocèses de l'Empire romain tardif, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mésopotamie_(province_romaine)&oldid=158765850, Article manquant de références depuis avril 2019, Article manquant de références/Liste complète, Portail:Proche-Orient ancien/Articles liés, Portail:Civilisations asiatiques/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. This kingdom was established by Arabs from the northern Arabian Peninsula and lasted nearly four centuries (c. 132 BC to 214), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves "king" on their coinage. En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Ces derniers l'envahissent et font prisonnier l'empereur Valérien en 260. In 1890, the population of Edessa consisted of 55,000, of which the Muslim population made up 40,835.[25]. Edessa was situated on a ridge in the middle of a ring of hills surrounded by a fertile plain, and was therefore considered to be favourably situated. Les nouvelles zones passées sous le contrôle direct de Rome sont rassemblées en 198 au sein de la nouvelle province de Mésopotamie. J-C, Guerre entre Babylone, Eshnunna et Mari, Traité de Rhandeia, Bataille de Gaugamèles, Guerre de Kitos, Bataille de Rhandeia, Babylonie sous domination assyrienne, Huitième campagne de Sargon II, Guerres entre Babylone et Larsa, Phalange, Histoire de la Mésopotamie, Protohistoire de la Mésopotamie, Période paléo-babylonienne, When Nusaybin was ceded to the Persians in 363, Ephrem the Syrian left his native town for Edessa, where he founded the celebrated School of the Persians. Édesse ou Édessa, fut une des capitales de la Macédoine grecque. Edessa (/ɪˈdɛsə/; Ancient Greek: Ἔδεσσα, romanized: Édessa; Classical Syriac: ܐܘܪܗܝ‎, romanized: ʾŌrhāy; Arabic: الرُّهَا‎‎, romanized: ar-Ruhā; Turkish: Şanlıurfa; Kurdish: Riha) was a city in Upper Mesopotamia, founded on an earlier site by Seleucus I Nicator ca. An unsuccessful Sasanian siege occurred in 544. Rome entre dans une période de trouble politique pour quelques années. [6][3][4], After Antiochus IV's reign, the name of the city reverted to Edessa and Orhay. La puissante cité d'Hatra qui résista longtemps à Septime-Sévère et resta dans la zone d'influence parthe, intègre l'alliance romaine avant 231. Comment ajouter mes sources ? In the words of Steven Runciman, "the whole Christian population was driven into exile [and t]he great city, which claimed to be the oldest Christian commonwealth in the world, was left empty and desolate, and has never recovered to this day. Mais le roi des Parthes se dérobant à la bataille, Caracalla ne peut que piller l'Adiabène restée indépendante, avant de mourir assassiné par Macrin en 217. It fell to the Turkic Zengid dynasty in 1144 and was eventually absorbed by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Atillâtiâ, Bishop of Edessa, assisted at the First Council of Nicaea (325). [3] The city's name appears in Armenian as Urha or Ourha (Ուռհա), in Syriac as ʾŌrhāy (ܐܘܪܗܝ, Western Syriac: ʾUrhoy), in Arabic as ar-Ruhā (الرُّهَا), in the Kurdish languages as Riha, Latinized as Rohais, and finally adopted into Turkish as Urfa or Şanlıurfa ("Glorious Urfa"), its present name. Cette dernière province est protégée par deux légions : la legio Ia Parthica à Singara et la IIa Parthica à Rhesaena, le commandement de ces légions et le gouvernement de la province étant confié à des membres de l'ordre équestre. D'ouest en est on trouve donc la province d'Osrohène dont Carrhes (Carrhae) est la capitale, le royaume d'Édesse réduit à la portion congrue autour de sa capitale, puis la province de Mésopotamie dont la capitale est établie à Nisibe. Although [the Arabs] were convinced of their close relationship, they were unable to get a consensus from their multitude, for they were divided from each other by religion. The Roman emperor Caracalla was assassinated on the road from Edessa to Carrhae (now Harran) by one of his guards in 217. Après l'épisode de l'empire Palmyrénien, la région revient sous le contrôle de Rome grâce à Aurélien, Carus en 283 et réorganisée sous la Tétrachie. From 212 to 214 the kingdom was a Roman province. [3] The city was located at a crossroads; the east–west highway from Zeugma on the Euphrates to the Tigris, and the north–south route from Samosata (modern-day Samsat) to the Euphrates via Carrhae (modern-day Harran) met at the ridge where Edessa was located.[3]. In 1146, the city was briefly recaptured by the crusaders and lost after a few days. The literary language of the tribes that had founded this kingdom was Aramaic, from which Syriac developed. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 26 avril 2019 à 15:42. The Sultanate of Rûm took Edessa in June 1234, but sometime in late 1234 or 1235, the Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil re-acquired it. Muslim tradition tells of a similar account, known as the second pledge at al-Aqabah. In that period a certain one of them, a man of the sons of Ishmael named Mahmet, a merchant, became prominent. En 213, par décision de Caracalla, Édesse perd son roi Abgar IX et ce qui lui reste d'indépendance pour devenir colonie romaine et être intégrée au nouvel ensemble provincial. It fell to the Muslim conquest in 638, was briefly retaken by Byzantium in 1031 and became the center of the Crusader state of the County of Edessa from 1098–1144. Among the illustrious disciples of the School of Edessa, Bardaisan (154–222), a schoolfellow of Abgar IX, deserves special mention for his role in creating Christian religious poetry, and whose teaching was continued by his son Harmonius and his disciples. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. [22] These events are known to us chiefly through the Armenian historian Matthew, who had been born at Edessa. The city was taken in 609 by the Sasanian Empire, and soon retaken by Heraclius, but lost to the Muslim army under the Rashidun Caliphate during the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 638. Edessa (Mésopotamie) Edessa ... Il est resté dans Édesse jusqu'à ce que la 943, quand Byzantins la domestique des Giovanni Curcuas Gurgen (né vers 900) Le ils échangés contre des 200 prisonniers musulmans et ils ont conduit à Constantinople. [25], During Ayyubid rule, Edessa had a population of approximately 24,000. Guerre entre l'Assyrie et l'Urartu de 743 av. The earliest name of the city was Admaʾ (also written Adme, Admi, Admum; Aramaic: אדמא‎), recorded in Assyrian cuneiform in the seventh century BC. Under Roman domination many martyrs suffered at Edessa: Sharbel and Barsamya, under Decius; Sts. L'annexion définitive d'Édesse annonce en fait le début de la réalisation de grands projets de conquêtes par Caracalla, désireux d'envahir l'empire Parthe. It was the capital of the semi-independent kingdom of Osroene from c. 132 BC and fell under direct Roman rule in ca. And what had been promised was fulfilled during that time when [God] loved Israel. Septime Sévère, lors de sa campagne orientale de 195, lui inflige de sévères défaites, prenant le titre d'Adiabenicus, « vainqueur de l'Adiabène ». C'est sans doute cela qui entraîne un renversement d'alliance notable dans la région. The oldest known dated Syriac manuscripts (AD 411 and 462), containing Greek patristic texts, come from Edessa. "[23], The Ayyubid Sultanate's leader Saladin acquired the town from the Zengids in 1182. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 13 mai 2020 à 00:11. It became an important early centre of Syriac Christianity. La province romaine de Mésopotamie a été créée en 198 par Septime Sévère. Guerre entre l'Assyrie et l'Urartu de 743 av. ), many others in the Revue de l'Orient chrétien (VI, 195), some in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (1899), 261 sqq. Traces of Hellenistic culture were soon overwhelmed in Edessa, which employed Syriac legends on coinage, with the exception of the client king Abgar IX (179–214), and there is a corresponding lack of Greek public inscriptions. [2][3][4][5] It was renamed Callirrhoe or Antiochia on the Callirhoe (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Καλλιρρόης; Latin: Antiochia ad Callirhoem) in the 2nd century BC (found on Edessan coins struck by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, r. 175–164 BC). La frontière est portée au Tigre en 298 par une campagne de Galère. Langue akkadienne, Langue sumérienne, Tablette d'argile, Cunéiforme, Religion, Littératures, Mathématiques, Histoire ; The modern name of the city is Urfa and it is located in Şanlıurfa Province in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. By 1566, though, the population had risen to an estimated 14,000 citizens. Babylonie, Histoires juives, Personnalités, Souverains, Empire assyrien ; Le royaume d'Osroène, situé à l'ouest de l'Adiabène,est alors transformé en province, à l'exception de sa capitale Édesse. It was also known as Antiochia on the Callirhoe from the 2nd century BC. Under Byzantine rule, as metropolis of Osroene, Edessa had eleven suffragan sees. For the Greek city, see, This article is about the ancient history of Edessa. In the meanwhile Christian priests from Edessa had evangelized Eastern Mesopotamia and Persia, and established the first Churches in the Sasanian Empire. Archéologie en Irak, Archéologie en Syrie, Édesse, Adiabène, Urartu, Mari, Sumer, Ur III, Villes, Empire akkadien. À la fin du IIe et au début du IIIe siècle, Rome, l'Empire parthe, puis l'Empire sassanide et l'Arménie se disputent cette région. So they departed, taking the road through the desert to Tachkastan to the sons of Ishmael. This was the final great achievement of Romanus's reign. Édesse (en grec Edessa) est le nom de deux villes antiques : Édesse (chrétienne) est l'ancien nom de Şanlıurfa (ou Urfa) en Turquie, et fut la capitale de l'Osroène. À la suite des victoires des généraux de Lucius Verus, et notamment d'Avidius Cassius entre 164 et 166, Rome peut étendre à nouveau son contrôle militaire en direction de ces régions, menant des opérations à Nisibe et réaffirmant son protectorat sur le royaume d'Édesse. Parallèlement son ancien rival, l'empire des Arsacides était remplacé par l'Empire sassanide à l'organisation plus centralisée et à la politique plus agressive. According to some Jewish and Muslim traditions, it is Ur of the Chaldees, the birthplace of Abraham. [26] Under the Ottomans in 1518, the population of Edessa was a mere estimated 5,500; likely due to the Ottomon-Safwid war. In 260, Edessa was the site of a famous battle between the Sasanian Empire and the Roman Empire in which Roman Emperor Valerian was captured and his army was routed. Edessa was at first more or less under the protectorate of the Parthians, then of Tigranes of Armenia, Edessa was Armenian Mesopotamia's capital city, then from the time of Pompey under the Roman Empire. The Byzantines often tried to retake Edessa, especially under Romanos I Lekapenos, who obtained from the inhabitants the "Image of Edessa", an ancient portrait of Christ, and solemnly transferred it to Constantinople, August 16, 944. Assur, Lagash, Umma, Mari, Sumer, Ziggurat, Édesse, Nippur, Bibliothèque d'Assurbanipal, Palais assyriens, Temples de Dur-Sharrukin, Eshnunna, Isin, Nuzi, Séleucie du Tigre, Tell Brak, Ur, Uruk, Mésopotamie, Euphrate, Ninive, Erbil, Harran, Adiabène, Mésopotamie (province romaine), Marais de Mésopotamie, Tombeau des Rois, École théologique de Nisibe, Dur-Sharrukin, Kalkhu, Tell Rimah, Urartu, Musasir, Assyrie, Mitanni, Nehardea, Jardins suspendus de Babylone, Babylone, Esagil, Etemenanki, Séleucie du Tigre, Soura, Terqa, Tigre, Ville en Mésopotamie, Géographie de la Mésopotamie, Babylone, Guerre entre l'Assyrie et l'Urartu de 743 av. La région continue d'être disputée entre l'empire romain d’Orient et les Perses jusqu'à l'occupation arabe en 636. Périodes. He was succeeded by Aggai, then by Saint Mari, who was ordained about 200 by Serapion of Antioch. Of its Jacobite bishops, twenty-nine are mentioned by Le Quien (II, 1429 sqq. 302 BC. Thence came to us in the second century the famous Peshitta, or Syriac translation of the Old Testament; also Tatian's Diatessaron, which was compiled about 172 and in common use until Rabbula, Bishop of Edessa (412–435), forbade its use. J. Teixidor, « The Kingdom of Adiabene and Hatra ». The populace of Edessa were saved from being massacred by the Mongols thusly. The Peregrinatio Silviae (or Etheriae)[17] gives an account of the many sanctuaries at Edessa about 388. It was retaken by the Arabs, and then successively held by the Greeks, the Armenians, the Seljuq dynasty (1087), the Crusaders (1099), who established there the County of Edessa and kept the city until 1144, when it was again captured by Imad ad-Din Zengi, and most of its inhabitants were allegedly slaughtered together with the Latin archbishop (see Siege of Edessa). Une page de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. In the second half of the second century BC, as the Seleucid Empire disintegrated during wars with Parthia (145–129 BC), Edessa became the capital of the Abgarid dynasty, who founded the kingdom of Osroene (also known as Edessa). [8], According to a legend first reported by Eusebius in the fourth century, King Abgar V was converted by Thaddeus of Edessa,[9] who was one of the seventy-two disciples, sent to him by "Judas, who is also called Thomas". [24] Not too long after, the Mongols had made their presence known in Edessa in 1244. The Armenian chronicler Sebeos, Bishop of Bagratid Armenia writing in the 660s, gives the earliest narrative accounts of Islam in any language today. Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». À cette date en effet la route entre le camp romain de Singara et Hatra est bornée par l'armée romaine qui installe des fortins et des garnisons jusque dans les environs de Hatra. [The Jews] called [the Arabs] to their aid and familiarized them with the relationship they had through the books of the [Old] Testament. The city was ruled shortly thereafter by Marwanids. [3][4] The ridge in turn was an extension of Mount Masius, part of the Taurus Mountains of southern Asia Minor. La garnison romaine est attestée jusque sous Gordien III. Dès lors la région est constamment disputée au gré des conflits entre Romains et Sassanides. the Aq Qoyunlu, the Safavid dynasty, and from 1517 to 1918 the Ottoman Empire. He said: "God promised that country to Abraham and to his son after him, for eternity. In 1031 Edessa was given up to the Byzantines under George Maniakes by its Arab governor. Période des dynasties archaïques, Première dynastie de Babylone, Troisième dynastie d'Ur, Dynastie Monobaze, Seconde dynastie d'Isin, Dynastie kassite de Babylone, Empire d'Akkad, Empire néo-babylonien, Période d'Isin-Larsa, Période d'Uruk, Babylonie tardive, Babylonie post-kassite, Royaume de Haute-Mésopotamie, Période d'Obeïd, Akkadien, Sumérien, Vieux-perse, Assyrien, Babylonien, Garshouni, Épopée de Gilgamesh, Code d'Ur-Nammu, Évangile selon Thomas, Droit talmudique, Mishna, Talmud, Talmud de Babylone, Kudurru, Code de Hammurabi, Cylindre de Cyrus, Peshitta, Enmerkar et le seigneur d'Aratta, Chronique d'Arbèles, Doctrine d'Addaï, Art du relief rupestre dans l'antiquité iranienne, Artisanat en Mésopotamie, Débuts de l'écriture en Mésopotamie, Écuelle à bords biseautés, Peinture de l'Investiture, Inscription de Behistun, Lettres d'Amarna, Scribe dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Seder Olam Zoutta, Académies talmudiques en Babylonie, Littérature sapientiale dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Caverne des trésors, Littérature mésopotamienne, Dialogue du pessimisme, Babylone (symbole), Divination en Mésopotamie, Sciences mésopotamiennes et babyloniennes, Agriculture en Mésopotamie, Médecine en Mésopotamie, Astronomie babylonienne, Mathématiques babyloniennes, BM 13901, YBC 7289, Plimpton 322, Numération mésopotamienne, Algèbre babylonienne, Listes lexicales, Sémagramme, Cunéiforme, Tablette de cire, Tablette d'argile, Calendrier mésopotamien, Calendrier babylonien, (Liste des souverains d'Assyrie, Liste royale sumérienne, Liste royale assyrienne, Liste des rois d'Akkad, Dynastie kassite de Babylone, Première dynastie de Babylone), Amorrites, Hammurabi, Kurigalzu Ier, Kurigalzu II, Nabonide, Nabuchodonosor II, Sémiramis, Teglath-Phalasar III, Assarhaddon, Assur-uballit Ier, Assurbanipal, Bardesane d'Édesse, Éphrem le Syrien, Jacques d'Édesse, Sévère Sebôkht, Ur-Nammu, Bahdî-Lîm, Ebih-Il, Pietro Della Valle, Symacho, Hélène d'Adiabène, Izatès II, Monobaze II, Enheduanna, Gutis, Sargon d'Akkad, Haï Gaon, Samuel ben Hofni, Saadia Gaon, Yehoudaï Gaon, Gueonim, Balthazar, Exil à Babylone, Exilarque, Kahana ben Yosseph, Kidinnu, Aaron ben Meïr, Moïse de Mardin, Ea, Anunnaki, Ishtar, Enuma Elish, Enlil, Baal, Gilgamesh, Atrahasis, Enkidu, Enkimdu, Mandylion, Sîn, Shamash, Astarté, Sept Sages, Noé, Nimrod, Kish, Enki et Ninhursag, Nergal et Ereshkigal, Descente d'Inanna aux Enfers, Dumuzi, Babylone ; This school, largely attended by the Christian youth of Persia, and closely watched by Rabbula, the friend of Cyril of Alexandria, on account of its Nestorian tendencies, reached its highest development under Bishop Ibas, famous through the Three-Chapter Controversy, was temporarily closed in 457, and finally in 489, by command of Emperor Zeno and Bishop Cyrus, when the teachers and students of the School of Edessa repaired to Nisibis and became the founders and chief writers of the Nestorian Church in Persia. Thus Heraclius, emperor of the Byzantines, gave the order to besiege it. [3] The Roman army was defeated and captured in its entirety by the Persian forces, including Valerian himself, an event which had never previously happened. Later, the Ilkhanate sent troops to Edessa in 1260 at which point the town voluntarily submitted to them. Arts, Assyriologie, Assyriologue, Personnalités, Villes, Culture ; Now, however, you are the sons of Abraham, and God shall fulfill the promise made to Abraham and his son on you. Sebeos' account suggests that Muhammad was actually leading a joint venture toward Palestine, instead of a Jewish-Arab alliance against the Meccan pagans toward the south. A Christian council was held at Edessa as early as 197. No one can successfully resist you in war, since God is with you. J-C, Guerre entre Babylone, Eshnunna et Mari, Traité de Rhandeia, Bataille de Gaugamèles, Guerre de Kitos, Bataille de Rhandeia, Babylonie sous domination assyrienne, Huitième campagne de Sargon II, Guerres entre Babylone et Larsa, Phalange. En 240 cependant Hatra est prise et détruite par Shapur Ier et le contrôle romain remis en cause, même si Philippe l'Arabe parvient par la négociation à garder les territoires romains en 244. J-C, Art du relief rupestre dans l'antiquité iranienne, Littérature sapientiale dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Sciences mésopotamiennes et babyloniennes, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portail:Mésopotamie/Dieux&oldid=170794144, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions. [11][12][13] Under him Christianity became the official religion of the kingdom.[14]. La seconde campagne de Sévère en Orient, en 197, renforce sans doute le contrôle romain dans la région, mais échoue cependant à triompher d'Hatra. Edessa was also held by the Mamluks. This venerable and famous image, which was certainly at Edessa in 544, and of which there is an ancient copy in the Vatican Library, was looted and brought to the West by the Republic of Venice in 1207 following the Fourth Crusade. La région échappe au contrôle solide de Rome en 363, avec la mort de Julien, lorsque l'empereur Jovien conclut rapidement la paix afin de pouvoir regagner rapidement Constantinople, où il doit alors consolider son pouvoir. [15] In 201 the city was devastated by a great flood, and the Christian church was destroyed. Following are some of the famous individuals connected with Edessa: Coordinates: 37°09′N 38°48′E / 37.150°N 38.800°E / 37.150; 38.800, This article is about the city in Mesopotamia. Les nouvelles zones passées sous le contrôle direct de Rome sont rassemblées en 198 au sein de la nouvelle province de Mésopotamie. For its modern successor, see, {Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine, Book 1 Chapter 13, Early centers of Christianity § Mesopotamia and the Parthian Empire, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html}, Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus, Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edessa&oldid=978315019, Populated places established in the 4th century BC, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey, Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text, Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles containing Kurdish-language text, Articles containing Aramaic-language text, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The anonymous writer of the story of "The Man of God", in the 5th century, which gave rise to the legend of St. Alexius, also known as, Schulz, Mathias, "Wegweiser ins Paradies,", This page was last edited on 14 September 2020, at 04:45. 242. After Edessa had been recaptured, Al-Kamil ordered the destruction of its Citadel. [10] However, various sources confirm that the Abgar who embraced the Christian faith was Abgar IX. It was named Justinopolis in the early 6th century. However, there is no doubt that even before AD 190 Christianity had spread vigorously within Edessa and its surroundings and that shortly after the royal house joined the church. This originally Aramaic and Syriac name for the city may have been derived from the Persian name Khosrow.[3]. The Roman emperor Caracalla was assassinated on the road from Edessa to Carrhae (now Harran) by one of his guards in 217.Edessa became one of the frontier cities of the province of Osroene and lay close to the border of the Sasanian Empire.The Battle of Edessa took place between the Roman armies under the command of Emperor Valerianus and the Sasanian forces under Emperor Shapur I in 260. [citation needed] Sebeos writes of a Jewish delegation going to an Arab city (possibly Medina) after the Byzantines conquered Edessa: Twelve peoples [representing] all the tribes of the Jews assembled at the city of Edessa. The Eastern Orthodox episcopate seems to have disappeared after the 11th century. Following its capture and sack by Trajan, the Romans even occupied Edessa from 116 to 118, although its sympathies towards the Parthians led to Lucius Verus pillaging the city later in the 2nd century. Gûrja, Shâmôna, Habib, and others under Diocletian. Edessa was rebuilt by Justin I (r. 518–527), and called after him Justinopolis.[21]. [7], The precise date of the introduction of Christianity into Edessa is not known. [20] Miaphysitism prospered at Edessa, even after the Arab conquest. Edessa became one of the frontier cities of the province of Osroene and lay close to the border of the Sasanian Empire. [18] Michel Le Quien mentions thirty-five bishops of Edessa, but his list is incomplete.[19]. [16] In 232 the relics of the apostle Thomas were brought from Mylapore, India, on which occasion his Syriac Acts were written.