that, in the deity-talk of the period, the Emperor translates into the will Warfare [233] Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and Lucius's uncle (his father's half-brother) M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus,[234] who was made comes Augusti, 'companion of the emperors'. [135] Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus'. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 68. [191], On his deathbed, Antoninus spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him. It would mean the end of the felicitas temporum ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed. A fundamental text from the nineteenth century is Ernest Renan: «Marc-Aurèle et la fin du monde Antique» (1882). personalized deity, caritas, humilitas, resignatio, ascesis, contemptu mundi, an unctuous Protestant hymn. ought into fact. On the last available year for each country, we count 2 births. [56] As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus, in turn, adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius. Help. [170], Soon after the emperors' accession, Marcus's eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle). His father died when he was three, and his mother and grandfather, raised Marcus. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar. [315] It survived in the scholarly traditions of the Eastern Church and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name ('Marcus's writings to himself') are from Arethas of Caesarea in the 10th century and in the Byzantine Suda (perhaps inserted by Arethas himself). Commodus was a known consumptive at the time of his adoption, so Hadrian may have intended Marcus's eventual succession anyway. Marcus.” The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) 2: 109-111). [160] Upon his accession he also devalued the Roman currency. As it was, Marcus was set apart from his fellow citizens. [32] His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Hotline. [89] Atticus was an inveterate opponent of Stoicism and philosophic pretensions. [6] The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books. [122], On 30 November 147, Faustina gave birth to a girl named Domitia Faustina. “Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.” The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fronto urged him in a letter to have plenty of sleep 'so that you may come into the Senate with a good colour and read your speech with a strong voice'. [79] Marcus had complained of an illness in an earlier letter: 'As far as my strength is concerned, I am beginning to get it back; and there is no trace of the pain in my chest. A.S.L. It was first published in 1558 in Zurich by Wilhelm Xylander (ne Holzmann), from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards. [209], Marcus took a four-day public holiday at Alsium, a resort town on the coast of Etruria. The senate complied, and Marcus served under Antoninus, the consul for 139. Fun, Games & Movie Links fancifully writes on the Emperor: “… the effusion of Christianity, its etc.—, one may, indeed, read the Emperor’s «Meditations» to The ab epistulis Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates. as the junction point of both worlds—Manvs and Nature’s. [42] One of his teachers, Diognetus, a painting master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus Aurelius to the philosophic way of life. There has been far too much There are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and Julian the Apostate was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention Meditations. [200][note 14], More bad news arrived: the Syrian governor's army had been defeated by the Parthians, and retreated in disarray. Languages The individual, «civis In res litterae, the marriage of rhetoric and sincerity is as rare as He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome). [19] The gens Annia was of Italian origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. Stanforth. As Antoninus aged, Marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the praetorian prefect (an office that was as much secretarial as military) when Marcus Gavius Maximus died in 156 or 157. seu Deus» to the notional absurdity of a Christian God-man, second person [114] Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples. The next day, 1 December, Antoninus gave Marcus the tribunician power and the imperium – authority over the armies and provinces of the emperor. The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome. [33][note 2] Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learnt 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his father and the man's posthumous reputation. G. Puente-Ojea (Ideología He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus's rule, and he alone was Pontifex Maximus. Though the anecdotes of his life have the brittle quality of hagiography, Marcus displayed a consistent pattern of somber reserve and distaste for lesser mortals. Marcus's great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex-praetor; his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made patrician in 73–74. [80] Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses. Upon his adoption by Antoninus as heir to the throne, he was known as Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar and, upon his ascension, he was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus until his death;[17] Epiphanius of Salamis, in his chronology of the Roman emperors On Weights and Measures, calls him Marcus Aurelius Verus. Le Marc-Aurèle est le tout nouveau milieu de vie signé Groupe Patrimoine. They have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death. [125], In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. [14] Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, an upscale area with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes further east. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (/ ɔː ˈ r iː l i ə s / ə-REE-lee-əs, Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊsÌ  au̯ˈreːlijʊsÌ  an̪t̪oːˈniːnʊsÌ ]; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. [253] Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as imperatores again, earning the title 'imp. He had rested, and would rest often, but 'this devotion to duty! [48] Alexander's influence – an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation – has been detected in Marcus's Meditations. This may have been the port city of Kattigara, described by Ptolemy (c. 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Marc Aurel Online. [3] For Marcus's life and rule, the biographies of Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus, and Lucius are largely reliable, but those of Aelius Verus and Avidius Cassius are not. “Aurelius Antoninus, Reason adumbrates «logos», which resides in the soul as an inspiring «daemon». [179], Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. "[292], Michael Grant, in The Climax of Rome, writes of Commodus:[293], The youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. Pulleyblank, Leslie and Gardiner, pp. Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus, a distant relative of Hadrian, was in Upper Pannonia, succeeding the experienced Marcus Nonius Macrinus. Fronto was hugely pleased. Fronto exercised a complete mastery of Latin, capable of tracing expressions through the literature, producing obscure synonyms, and challenging minor improprieties in word choice. 'Meditations' – as well as other titles including 'To Himself' – were adopted later. Barnes, Timothy D. 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', Birley, Anthony R. 'Hadrian to the Antonines'. The city was sacked nonetheless, leaving a black mark on Lucius's reputation. [104], Fronto never became Marcus's full-time teacher and continued his career as an advocate. [228][note 16] Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him. [149], Although Marcus showed no personal affection for Hadrian (significantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his Meditations), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans. During the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other. In the tenth century, his Meditations if man is in misfortune…the greatness of the Stoic philosophy consists Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus was shuffled from Lower Moesia to Upper Moesia when Marcus Iallius Bassus had joined Lucius in Antioch. The Sun Recommended for you. New [232] Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. leaves, According to McLaughlin, the disease caused 'irreparable' damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia. Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. Marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. The emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading Rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the classical tradition of sculpture. However, it was also a 'harbinger of something much more ominous'. There are 81 editions of The Meditations during the 19th century [263], Experienced governors had been replaced by friends and relatives of the imperial family. In 161, the. He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. As tribune, he had the right to bring one measure before the senate after the four Antoninus could introduce. 4: 27). Hegel puts his finger on Stoicism’s Divine talk, of course, is metaphor. It is impossible to be a stoic in our time. in the last scene of «Julius Way of Life Découvrez les avancements des travaux ! Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. The company says its business has been walloped of late from "historically bad" coal markets and the coronavirus pandemic. [301] The early Christian apologist, Justin Martyr, includes within his First Apology (written between 140 and 150 A.D.) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Marcus believed Christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when "water poured from heaven," after which, "immediately we recognized the presence of God." Antoninus may have already been ill.[133], Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at Lorium, in Etruria,[142] about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome. Marcus Annius Verus (initialement Marcus Catilius Severus) prend, après son adoption par l'empereur Antonin le Pieux, le nom de Marcus Ælius Aurelius Verus. integrity, and piety. [230], In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus's daughter Lucilla. [206], The northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible. The infants were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where their epitaphs survive. sybaritic freedom; a notion of freedom that Marketing plays with in order Le biographe de Marc Aurèle raconte que Faustine la Jeune, l’épouse de ce dernier, s’était amourachée d’un gladiateur.